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Table 3 Odds ratio for delayed development at T1, T2, and T3 based on the duration of breastfeeding

From: Associations between breastfeeding and cognitive function in children from early childhood to school age: a prospective birth cohort study

Breastfeeding duration (months)

0 to ≤1

> 1 and ≤ 3

> 3 and ≤ 6

> 6 and ≤ 12

> 12 and ≤ 18

> 18

Two groupsa

Crude (n)

 Denver II at T1 (n = 1429)

0.67 (0.32, 1.44)

1.07 (0.53, 2.15)

1.00

1.16 (0.62, 2.19)

0.89 (0.46, 1.73)

0.88 (0.39, 1.99)

0.86 (0.57, 1.30)

 Denver II at T2 (n = 1698)

0.85 (0.55, 1.30)

1.04 (0.68, 1.58)

1.00

0.88 (0.60, 1.30)

0.98 (0.66, 1.46)

0.91 (0.56, 1.48)

1.00 (0.79, 1.27)

 Denver II at T3 (n = 1731)

0.71 (0.39, 1.30)

0.98 (0.56, 1.72)

1.00

0.84 (0.49, 1.42)

0.76 (0.44, 1.32)

1.23 (0.66, 2.26)

0.95 (0.68, 1.32)

 K-ASQ at T1 (n = 1632)

1.01 (0.42, 2.45)

1.41 (0.62, 3.24)

1.00

0.88 (0.38, 2.01)

1.28 (0.57, 2.85)

1.14 (0.43, 3.04)

1.14 (0.72, 1.81)

 K-ASQ at T2 (n = 1704)

2.02 (0.98, 4.15)

2.21 (1.08, 4.50)*

1.00

1.54 (0.77, 3.09)

1.94 (0.97, 3.87)

2.12 (0.97, 4.64)

1.28 (0.92, 1.79)

 K-ASQ at T3 (n = 1752)

1.73 (0.88, 3.43)

1.51 (0.75, 3.01)

1.00

1.26 (0.65, 2.44)

0.99 (0.49, 1.99)

1.17 (0.52, 2.63)

1.45 (1.02, 2.07)*

 REVT-E at T4 (n = 1630)

1.62 (0.88, 2.99)

1.27 (0.67, 2.38)

1.00

0.95 (0.52, 1.73)

0.91 (0.49, 1.71)

0.48 (0.19, 1.19)

1.64 (1.17, 2.30)*

 REVT-R at T4 (n = 1625)

1.29 (0.53, 3.13)

1.67 (0.71, 3.92)

1.00

1.43 (0.63, 3.22)

1.25 (0.54, 2.91)

0.91 (0.31, 2.69)

1.21 (0.77, 1.88)

 M-FIT at T9 (n = 1752)

1.05 (0.59, 1.88)

0.85 (0.47, 1.54)

1.00

0.69 (0.39, 1.21)

0.87 (0.50, 1.52)

1.94 (1.07, 3.50)*

0.99 (0.71, 1.38)

Adjusted (n)

 Denver II at T1 (n = 1264)

0.58 (0.26, 1.30)

0.82 (0.39, 1.76)

1.00

1.10 (0.56, 2.15)

0.75 (0.37, 1.53)

0.66 (0.26, 1.65)

0.77 (0.49, 1.22)

 Denver II at T2 (n = 1455)

1.07 (0.66, 1.73)

1.24 (0.77, 1.98)

1.00

1.10 (0.71, 1.71)

1.31 (0.84, 2.05)

1.08 (0.63, 1.86)

1.01 (0.77, 1.31)

 Denver II at T3 (n = 1472)

0.54 (0.27, 1.09)

0.96 (0.52, 1.79)

1.00

0.86 (0.48, 1.54)

0.87 (0.48, 1.57)

1.27 (0.65, 2.49)

0.79 (0.54, 1.16)

 K-ASQ at T1 (n = 1436)

1.40 (0.46, 4.21)

2.09 (0.73, 6.00)

1.00

1.38 (0.48, 3.97)

1.97 (0.70, 5.53)

1.63 (0.48, 5.54)

1.14 (0.67, 1.93)

 K-ASQ at T2 (n = 1461)

1.95 (0.86, 4.42)

2.63 (1.20, 5.77)*

1.00

1.63 (0.75, 3.53)

2.03 (0.94, 4.38)

2.54 (1.09, 5.90)*

1.30 (0.90, 1.88)

 K-ASQ at T3 (n = 1491)

1.64 (0.76, 3.52)

1.61 (0.75, 3.45)

1.00

1.40 (0.67, 2.93)

1.20 (0.56, 2.56)

1.10 (0.44, 2.77)

1.33 (0.89, 1.99)

 REVT-E at T4 (n = 1397)

1.37 (0.70, 2.69)

0.98 (0.49, 1.98)

1.00

0.96 (0.50, 1.84)

0.93 (0.47, 1.82)

0.44 (0.17, 1.19)

1.33 (0.91, 1.93)

 REVT-R at T4 (n = 1394)

1.83 (0.63, 5.31)

2.43 (0.87, 6.79)

1.00

2.03 (0.74, 5.53)

1.91 (0.68, 5.33)

1.21 (0.34, 4.33)

1.26 (0.78, 2.02)

 M-FIT at T9 (n = 1491)

0.85 (0.45, 1.61)

0.78 (0.40, 1.50)

1.00

0.68 (0.37, 1.27)

0.81 (0.43, 1.50)

1.95 (1.02, 3.73)*

0.87 (0.60, 1.27)

  1. aOdds ratio for development delay in children breastfed for ≤3 months compared with children breastfed for more than 3 months
  2. Adjusted model included children’s sex, age, gestational age, birth weight, parental educational level, and household income level as covariates
  3. REVT-E: receptive and expressive vocabulary test (expressive); REVT-R; receptive and expressive vocabulary test (receptive);
  4. M-FIT: multifactorial intelligence test; * p < 0.05
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International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358