From: Interactions between cortisol and lipids in human milk
 | Whole population (n = 100) | Low milk cortisol < 3 nmol/L (n = 50) | High milk cortisol > 10 nmol/L (n = 50) | T-testa / χ2 | OR (95% CI)b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational age | 40 [36–42] | 40 [36–42] | 40 [37–42] | t = − 1.49 (p = 0.14) |  |
Infant gender |  |  |  | χ2 = 0.16 (p = 0.67) | 1.28 (0.58, 2.81) |
Boy | 55 (55%) | 29 (58%) | 26 (52%) | Â | Â |
Girl | 45 (45%) | 21 (42%) | 24 (48%) | Â | Â |
Birth mode |  |  |  | χ2 = 0.08 (p = 0.77) | 0.72 (0.23, 2.24) |
Vaginal delivery | 86 (86%) | 44 (88%) | 42 (84%) | Â | Â |
Cesarean section | 14 (14%) | 6 (12%) | 8 (16%) | Â | Â |
Mother’s BMI | 24 [18–39] | 25 [19–39] | 24 [18–37] | t = 1.74 (p = 0.09) |  |
Mother’s age | 30 [24–44] | 31 [24–44] | 30 [24–37] | t = 2.24 (p = 0.03) |  |
Education level |  |  |  | χ2 = 1.26 (p = 0.53)c |  |
Secondary school / vocational education or lower | 22 (22%) | 12 (24%) | 10 (20%) | Â | Â |
Polytechnic | 38 (38%) | 17 (34%) | 21 (42%) | Â | Â |
University/graduate school | 33 (33%) | 19 (38%) | 14 (28%) | Â | Â |
Missing data | 7 (7%) | 2 (4%) | 5 (10%) | Â | Â |
Primiparous |  |  |  | χ2 = 2.69 (p = 0.10) | 2.15 (0.95, 4.90) |
No | 39 (39%) | 24 (48%) | 15 (30%) | Â | Â |
Yes | 61 (61%) | 26 (52%) | 35 (70%) | Â | Â |
Gestational diabetes |  |  |  | χ2 = 2.82 (p = 0.09) | 3.24 (0.96, 11.00) |
Yes | 15 (15%) | 11 (22%) | 4 (8%) | Â | Â |
No | 85 (85%) | 39 (78%) | 46 (92%) | Â | Â |
Exclusive breastfeeding |  |  |  | χ2 = 0.9 (p = 0.34) | 0.48 (0.15, 1.56) |
No | 14 (14%) | 5 (10%) | 9 (18%) | Â | Â |
Yes | 84 (84%) | 45 (90%) | 39 (78%) | Â | Â |
Missing data | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4%) | Â | Â |
Birth weight | 3656 [2705–4940] | 3622 [2830–4940] | 3690 [2705–4660] | t = −0.69 (p = 0.49) |  |
Milk cortisol concentration (nmol/L) | 9 [1–34] | 2 [1–3] | 15 [10–34] | t = − 15.81 (p < 0.001) |  |
Sampling time as minutes after 08:00 am | 319 [30–645] | 354 [120–645] | 284 [30–555] | t = 2.93 (p = 0.004)d |  |
Infant age at sampling (days) | 61 [41–106] | 60 [41–85] | 62 [46–106] | t = − 0.94 (p = 0.35) |  |