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Table 5 Complications and discomfort during hospitalisation and at home related to breastfeeding according to maternal BMI

From: Relationship between maternal body mass index with the onset of breastfeeding and its associated problems: an online survey

Variable

BMI

 

Did you encounter any difficulty with breastfeeding while in hospital due to

Normoweight

n (%)

Overweight

n (%)

Obesity type I

n (%)

Obesity type II

n (%)

Obesity type III

n (%)

Total values

n (%)

Pain?

 No

902 (58.2)

1508 (57.8)

616 (55.9)

154 (55.6)

50 (58.8)

3230 (55.0)

 Yes

647 (41.8)

1100 (42.2)

486 (44.1)

123 (44.4)

35 (41.2)

2391 (45.0)

 OR CI 95

1 (ref.)

1.02 (0.90, 1.16)

1.10 (0.94, 1.29)

1.11 (0.86, 1.44)

0.98 (0.63, 1.52)

 

aAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.01 (0.88, 1.15)

1.06 (0.90, 1.25)

1.03 (0.79, 1.35)

0.95 (0.60, 1.49)

 

aAOR CI 95% Total

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

 

Cracked nipples?

 No

1092 (70.5)

1777 (68.1)

754 (68.5)

189 (68.2)

64 (74.4)

3876 (66.0)

 Yes

457 (29.5)

831 (31.9)

346 (31.5)

88 (31.8)

22 (25.6)

1744 (34.0)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.12 (0.98, 1.28)

1.10 (0.94, 1.29)

1.11 (0.85, 1.47)

0.82 (0.50, 1.35)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.11 (0.96, 1.27)

1.06 (0.89, 1.26)

1.05 (0.79, 1.39)

0.80 (0.48–1.32)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

 

Difficulties for latching on to the breast/not proper latching on?

 No

912 (59.2)

1481 (56.7)

575 (52.1)

134 (48.6)

51 (60.0)

3153 (53.7)

 Yes

629 (40.8)

1131 (43.3)

528 (47.9)

142 (51.4)

34 (40.0)

2464 (46.3)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.11 (0.98, 1.26)

1.33 (1.14, 1.56)

1.54 (1.19, 1.99)

0.97 (0.62, 1.51)

 

aAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.11 (0.97, 1.27)

1.27 (1.08, 1.50)

1.42 (1.08, 1.87)

0.86 (0.54, 1.37)

 

aAOR CI 95% Total

1.02 (1.00, 1.03)

 

Difficulties with positioning the child due to C-section injury or episiotomy/tearing stitching?

 No

1290 (83.5)

2059 (79.0)

838 (76.0)

200 (73.0)

63 (73.3)

4450 (75.8)

 Yes

254 (16.5)

547 (21.0)

265 (24.0)

74 (27.0)

23 (26.7)

1163 (24.2)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.35 (1.15, 1.59)

1.61 (1.32, 1.95)

1.88 (1.39, 2.53)

1.85 (1.13, 3.05)

 

aAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.22 (1.03, 1.46)

1.29 (1.05, 1.58)

1.32 (0.96, 1.82)

1.27 (0.75, 2.16)

 

aAOR CI 95% Total

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

 

Engorgement (swollen, tight, hard, hot breasts…)?

 No

1312 (85.3)

2227 (85.7)

969 (88.3)

243 (88.7)

79 (91.9)

4830 (82.3)

 Yes

227 (14.7)

373 (14.3)

129 (11.7)

31 (11.3)

7 (8.1)

767 (17.7)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.97 (0.81, 1.16)

0.77 (0.61, 0.97)

0.74 (0.50, 1.10)

0.51 (0.23, 1.12)

 

aAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.94 (0.78, 1.13)

0.70 (0.55, 0.89)

0.63 (0.42, 0.94)

0.42 (0.19, 0.94)

 

aAOR CI 95% Total

0.96 (0.94, 0.97)

 

Your own nervousness?

 No

1125 (72.9)

1790 (68.7)

713 (64.8)

165 (60.2)

51 (60.0)

3844 (68.6)

 Yes

418 (27.1)

814 (31.3)

387 (35.2)

109 (39.8)

34 (40.0)

1762 (31.4)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.22 (1.07, 1.41)

1.46 (1.24, 1.73)

1.78 (1.36, 2.32)

1.79 (1.15, 2.81)

 

aAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.23 (1.06, 1.43)

1.37 (1.15–1.64)

1.60 (1.20, 2.14)

1.69 (1.05, 2.74)

 

aAOR CI 95% Total

1.03 (1.02, 1.05)

 

Your feeling unsure of yourself?

 No

987 (64.0)

1603 (61.5)

624 (56.6)

152 (55.3)

53 (62.4)

3419 (60.9)

 Yes

556 (36.0)

1002 (38.5)

478 (43.4)

123 (44.7)

32 (37.6)

2191 (29.1)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.11 (0.97, 1.26)

1.36 (1.16, 1.59)

1.44 (1.11, 1.86)

1.07 (0.68, 1.68)

 

aAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.15 (0.99, 1.32)

1.36 (1.15, 1.62)

1.44 (1.08, 1.91)

1.09 (0.67, 1.79)

 

aAOR CI 95% Total

1.02 (1.01, 1.04)

 

Did you encounter any difficulty with breastfeeding while at home due to

Normoweight

n (%)

Overweight

n (%)

Obesity type I

n (%)

Obesity type II

n (%)

Obesity type III

n (%)

Total values

n (%)

Pain?

 No

746 (48.2)

1234 (47.3)

515 (46.8)

131 (48.0)

50 (58.8)

2676 (47.7)

 Yes

801 (51.8)

1373 (52.7)

585 (53.2)

142 (52.0)

35 (41.2)

2936 (52.3)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.04 (0.91, 1.19)

1.06 (0.91, 1.24)

1.01 (0.78, 1.31)

0.65 (0.42, 1.02)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.04 (0.92, 1.18)

1.04 (0.89, 1.22)

0.98 (0.75, 1.28)

0.67 (0.43, 1.06)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

0.99 (0.98, 1.01)

 

Cracked nipples?

 No

915 (59.2)

1473 (56.6)

618 (56.3)

164 (60.7)

63 (74.1)

3233 (57.7)

 Yes

631 (40.8)

1129 (43.4)

479 (43.7)

106 (39.3)

22 (25.9)

2367 (42.3)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.11 (0.98, 1.26)

1.12 (0.96, 1.31)

0.94 (0.72, 1.22)

0.51 (0.31, 0.83)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.12 (0.98, 1.27)

1.12 (0.95, 1.31)

0.91 (0.69, 1.20)

0.52 (0.31, 0.86)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

0.99 (0.98, 1.01)

 

Difficulties for latching on to the breast/not proper latching on?

 No

966 (62.6)

1662 (63.7)

639 (58.1)

150 (55.1)

55 (64.0)

3472 (61.8)

 Yes

578 (37.4)

947 (36.3)

461 (41.9)

133 (44.9)

31 (36.0)

2150 (38.2)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.95 (0.84, 1.09)

1.21 (1.03, 1.41)

1.36 (1.05, 1.76)

0.94 (0.60, 1.48)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.95 (0.83, 1.09)

1.16 (0.99, 1.37)

1.29 (0.98, 1.70)

0.88 (0.55, 1.41)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

1.01 (0.99, 1.03)

 

Difficulties with positioning the child due to C-section injury or episiotomy/tearing stitching?

 No

1288 (83.2)

2094 (80.4)

862 (78.2)

211 (77.6)

69 (80.2)

4524 (80.6)

 Yes

261 (16.8)

512 (19.6)

240 (21.8)

61 (22.4)

17 (19.8)

1091 (19.4)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.21 (1.02, 1.42)

1.37 (1.13, 1.67)

1.43 (1.04, 1.95)

1.22 (0.70, 2.10)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.12 (0.95, 1.33)

1.17 (0.95, 1.43)

1.13 (0.81, 1.57)

0.93 (0.53, 1.65)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

 

Engorgement (swollen, tight, hard, hot breasts…)?

 No

930 (60.2)

1633 (62.6)

696 (63.3)

193 (71.2)

70 (81.4)

3522 (62.8)

 Yes

614 (39.8)

975 (37.4)

403 (36.7)

78 (28.8)

16 (18.6)

2086 (37.2)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.90 (0.80, 1.03)

0.88 (0.75, 1.03)

0.61 (0.46, 0.81)

0.35 (0.20, 0.60)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.90 (0.79, 1.02)

0.85 (0.72, 1.00)

0.58 (0.43, 0.77)

0.33 (0.19, 0.58)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

0.96 (0.95, 0.98)

 

Candidiasis (fungus)?

 No

1486 (96.1)

2486 (95.6)

1035 (94.5)

263 (96.7)

83 (96.5)

5353 (95.6)

 Yes

61 (3.9)

115 (4.4)

60 (5.5)

9 (3.3)

3 (3.5)

248 (4.4)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.13 (0.82, 1.54)

1.41 (0.98, 2.04)

0.83 (0.41, 1.70)

0.88 (0.27, 2.87)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.10 (0.80, 1.52)

1.36 (0.94, 1.98)

0.75 (0.36, 1.54)

0.83 (0.25, 2.73)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

1.00 (0.97, 1.03)

 

Delayed milk production (after the 5th day of delivery)?

 No

1406 (90.8)

2343 (89.9)

959 (87.2)

233 (86.0)

71 (82.6)

5012 (89.3)

 Yes

142 (9.2)

262 (10.1)

141 (12.8)

38 (14.0)

15 (17.4)

598 (10.7)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.11 (0.89, 1.37)

1.46 (1.14, 1.86)

1.62 (1.10, 2.37)

2.09 (1.17, 3.75)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.08 (0.86, 1.35)

1.31 (1.01, 1.71)

1.43 (0.94, 2.16)

1.83 (0.96, 3.50)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

1.03 (1.01, 1.05)

 

The baby not gaining enough weight?

 No

1180 (76.1)

1976 (76.0)

847 (77.0)

188 (69.4)

57 (66.3)

4248 (75.7)

 Yes

371 (23.9)

624 (24.0)

253 (23.0)

83 (30.6)

29 (33.7)

1360 (24.3)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.00 (0.87, 1.16)

0.95 (0.79, 1.14)

1.40 (1.06, 1.86)

1.62 (1.02, 2.57)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

1.00 (0.86, 1.16)

0.93 (0.77, 1.13)

1.37 (1.01, 1.84)

1.79 (1.10, 2.90)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

1.01 (0.99, 1.03)

 
  1. For the multivariate analysis, the ENTER method for binary logistic regression was used
  2. All variables adjusted by: Maternal age, nulliparity, twin pregnancy, previous caesarean, smoking habit, economic income, level of education, nationality, maternity training, pregnancy composite morbidity, delivery composite morbidity, postpartum composite morbidity, neonatal composite morbidity, and breastfeeding previous children
  3. aAdjusted by: Breastfeeding first hour
  4. bAdjusted by: Lactation type after hospital discharge
  5. Pregnancy composite morbidity: including preeclampsia during pregnancy, diet-controlled gestational diabetes, insulin-controlled gestational diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, anaemia, intrahepatic cholestasis, risk of preterm birth, deep vein thrombosis
  6. Delivery composite morbidity: including altered foetal heart rate (FHR) during delivery, stained amniotic fluid (AF), vaginal bleeding, non-progression of delivery, cephalopelvic disproportion, intrapartum fever (body temperature higher than 38 °C), intrapartum preeclampsia, induced delivery, end of delivery by caesarean, and severe tearing (type III-IV)
  7. Postpartum composite morbidity: including maternal postpartum surgery related to the delivery, maternal admission to intensive care unit, and maternal re-admission
  8. Neonatal composite morbidity: including prematurity, low weight (< 2.500 g), macrosomia (> 4.000 g), and neonatal admission to intensive care unit
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International Breastfeeding Journal

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