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Table 4 Breastfeeding complications according to the BMI

From: Relationship between maternal body mass index with the onset of breastfeeding and its associated problems: an online survey

Variable

BMI

 
 

Normoweight

n (%)

Overweight

n (%)

Obesity type I

n (%)

Obesity type II

n (%)

Obesity type III

n (%)

Total values

n (%)

Skin-to-skin contact

 No

300 (18.7)

562 (20.6)

304 (26.4)

96 (32.8)

35 (36.5)

1297(22.1)

 Yes

1307 (81.3)

2160 (79.4)

849 (73.6)

197 (67.2)

61 (63.5)

4574 (77.9)

 OR CI 95

1 (ref.)

0.88 (0.76,1.03)

0.64 (0.54, 0.77)

0.47 (0.36, 0.62)

0.40 (0.26, 0.62)

 

aAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.97 (0.82, 1.16)

0.79 (0.65, 0.97)

0.68 (0.50, 0.93)

0.51 (0.32, 0.83)

 

aAOR CI 95% Total

0.96 (0.95, 0.98)

Start of breastfeeding in the first hour

 No

358 (22.3)

661 (24.3)

339 (29.4)

106 (36.2)

35 (36.5)

1499 (25.5)

 Yes

1249 (77.7)

2061 (75.7)

814 (70.6)

187 (63.8)

61 (63.5)

4372 (74.5)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.89 (0.77, 1.04)

0.69 (0.58, 0.82)

0.51 (0.39, 0.66)

0.50 (0.32, 0.77)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.93 (0.79, 1.10)

0.80 (0.66, 0.97)

0.66 (0.49, 0.90)

0.58 (0.36, 0.94)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

0.97 (0.95, 0.98)

Exclusive breastfeeding at discharge

 No

286 (17.8)

530 (19.5)

272 (23.6)

74 (25.3)

28 (29.2)

1190 (20.3)

 Yes

1321 (82.2)

2192 (80.5)

881 (76.4)

219 (74.7)

68 (70.8)

4681 (79.7)

 OR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.90 (0.76, 1.05)

0.70 (0.58, 0.85)

0.64 (0.48, 0.86)

0.53 (0.33, 0.83)

 

bAOR CI 95%

1 (ref.)

0.91 (0.77, 1.08)

0.79 (0.64, 0.97)

0.78 (0.57, 1.07)

0.57 (0.35, 0.94)

 

bAOR CI 95% Total

0.96 (0.95–0.98)

  1. For the multivariate analysis, the ENTER method for binary logistic regression was used
  2. All variables adjusted by: maternal age, nulliparity, twin pregnancy, previous caesarean, smoking habit, economic income, level of education, nationality, maternity training, pregnancy composite morbidity, delivery composite morbidity, postpartum composite morbidity and epidural analgesia
  3. a Adjusted by: + prematurity
  4. bAdjusted by: + newborn admission + prematurity + breastfeeding previous children
  5. Pregnancy composite morbidity: including preeclampsia during pregnancy, diet-controlled gestational diabetes, insulin-controlled gestational diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, anaemia, intrahepatic cholestasis, risk of preterm birth, deep vein thrombosis
  6. Delivery composite morbidity: including altered foetal heart rate (FHR) during delivery, stained amniotic fluid (AF), vaginal bleeding, non-progression of delivery, cephalopelvic disproportion, intrapartum fever (body temperature higher than 38 °C), intrapartum preeclampsia, induced delivery, end of delivery by caesarean, and severe tearing (type III-IV)
  7. Postpartum composite morbidity: including maternal postpartum surgery related to the delivery, maternal admission to intensive care unit, and maternal re-admission