From: Prelacteal feeding practices in Pakistan: a mixed-methods study
Variables | All (n = 1361) % (n) | Prelacteal feeding | P - value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes % (n) | No % (n) | |||
Total Sample | – | 64.7 (881) | 35.3 (480) |  |
Maternal education | ||||
 No education | 52.5 (715) | 63.3 (453) | 36.7 (262) | <  0.001 |
 Primary | 15.4 (210) | 75.1 (158) | 24.9 (52) | |
 Middle | 8.2 (112) | 68.8 (77) | 31.2 (35) | |
 Secondary | 11.4 (155) | 65.8 (102) | 34.2 (53) | |
 Higher | 12.6 (171) | 53.2 (91) | 46.8 (80) | |
Maternal age | ||||
 15–24 | 33.1 (450) | 66.5 (299) | 33.5 (151) | 0.27 |
 25–34 | 52.8 (719) | 64.9 (467) | 35.1 (252) | |
 34 and above | 14.1 (192) | 59.9 (115) | 40.1 (77) | |
Wealth index | ||||
 Poorest | 20.1 (274) | 56.8 (156) | 43.2 (118) | <  0.001 |
 Poorer | 20.4 (278) | 61.2 (170) | 38.8 (108) | |
 Middle | 19.8 (269) | 69.6 (187) | 30.4 (82) | |
 Rich | 19.6 (267) | 74.5 (199) | 25.5 (68) | |
 Richest | 20.1 (274) | 61.9 (170) | 38.1 (104) | |
Sex of household head | ||||
 Male | 93.2 (1268) | 64.0 (812) | 36.0 (456) | 0.030 |
 Female | 6.8 (93) | 74.0 (69) | 26.0 (24) | |
Place of residence | ||||
 Urban | 43.6 (593) | 62.3 (370) | 37.7 (223) | 0.055 |
 Rural | 56.4 (768) | 66.6 (511) | 33.4 (257) | |
Region | ||||
 Punjab | 28.0 (381) | 86.6 (330) | 13.4 (51) | <  0.001 |
 Sindh | 22.1 (301) | 56.5 (170) | 43.5 (131) | |
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 20.2 (275) | 73.1 (201) | 26.9 (74) | |
 Baluchistan | 15.0 (204) | 62.3 (127) | 37.7 (77) | |
 Islamabad | 5.1 (69) | 56.5 (39) | 43.5 (30) | |
 Gilgit-Baltistan | 9.6 (131) | 10.7 (14) | 89.3 (117) | |
Antenatal care | ||||
 No | 23.0 (313) | 59.7 (187) | 40.3 (126) | 0.04 |
 1–3 visits | 37.6 (512) | 68.4 (350) | 31.6 (162) | |
  ≥ 4 visits | 39.4 (536) | 64.1 (344) | 35.9 (192) | |
Place of delivery | ||||
 At home | 45.3 (617) | 67.2 (415) | 32.8 (202) | <  0.001 |
 Public health facility | 19.5 (265) | 51.9 (137) | 48.1 (128) | |
 Private | 35.2 (479) | 68.7 (329) | 31.3 (150) | |
Birth by cesarean section | ||||
 No | 86.2 (1173) | 63.4 (743) | 36.6 (430) | 0.004 |
 Yes | 13.8 (188) | 73.7 (138) | 26.3 (50) | |
When child put to breast after delivery | ||||
 Within one hour | 23.0 (313) | 38.7 (121) | 61.3 (192) | <  0.001 |
 2–24 h | 49.4 (672) | 59.2 (398) | 40.8 (274) | |
 After one day | 27.6 (376) | 96.3 (362) | 3.7 (14) | |
Sex of child | ||||
 Male | 50.7 (690) | 63.6 (439) | 36.4 (251) | 0.21 |
 Female | 49.3 (671) | 65.9 (442) | 34.1 (229) | |
Birth order | ||||
 First born child | 23.7 (323) | 70.5 (228) | 29.5 (95) | 0.008 |
 Subsequent child | 76.3 (1038) | 62.9 (653) | 37.1 (385) |