Table 2 Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding by study factors in Ethiopia, 2000–2016
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Socioeconomic factors | |||||
 Maternal education | |||||
  No schooling | 489 (56.2) | 454 (51) | 434 (53.7) | 392 (60.1) | 1769 (54.9) |
  Primary school | 71 (51.5) | 96 (46.5) | 184 (49.1) | 101 (60.7) | 552 (52.6) |
  Secondary and higher | 21 (36.0) | 10 (21.6) | 30 (48.0) | 64 (59.9) | 125 (44.7) |
 Maternal employment | |||||
  No employment | 207 (49.2) | 451 (49.0) | 329 (49.5) | 395 (56.8) | 1382 (51.2) |
  Formal employment | 44 (48.6) | 15 (27.4) | 79 (44.1) | 82 (66.3) | 221 (49.1) |
  Informal employment | 330 (59.5) | 93 (56.3) | 235 (59.7) | 180 (65.0) | 838 (60.2) |
 Partner education | |||||
  No schooling | 352 (56.6) | 322 (49.9) | 313 (54.5) | 316 (62.4) | 1302 (55.5) |
  Primary school | 157 (53.1) | 180 (51.1) | 275 (52.4) | 226 (58.4) | 837 (53.8) |
  Secondary and higher | 62 (48.0) | 52 (41.0) | 43 (34.1) | 96 (59.3) | 254 (46.5) |
 Household wealth status | |||||
  Poor | 204 (57.4) | 202 (44.3) | 292 (51.9) | 321 (61.4) | 1019 (53.7) |
  Middle | 143 (49.4) | 151 (58.9) | 168 (59.4) | 115 (56.7) | 576 (56.0) |
  Rich | 235 (55.6) | 207 (49.1) | 189 (46.9) | 221 (59.7) | 852 (52.4) |
Demographic factors | |||||
 Maternal age | |||||
  15–24 years | 225 (54.9) | 209 (47.8) | 204 (47.7) | 220 (59.6) | 857 (52.2) |
  25–34 years | 257 (53.4) | 237 (46.7) | 313 (54.8) | 320 (60.1) | 1126 (53.8) |
  35–49 years | 100 (56.7) | 114 (57.6) | 132 (53.0) | 118 (60.1) | 464 (56.6) |
 Child sex | |||||
  Male | 284 (51.5) | 303 (49.0) | 323 (48.2) | 316 (58.2) | 1226 (51.5) |
  Female | 298 (57.8) | 256 (48.9) | 326 (56.4) | 341 (61.6) | 1221 (56.3) |
 Birth order | |||||
  One | 88 (48.4) | 98 (45.9) | 108 (46.8) | 135 (51.0) | 429 (48.2) |
  2–4 | 254 (53.5 | 250 (47.6) | 289 (53.01) | 293 (65.5) | 1087 (54.5) |
  5+ | 239 (58.4) | 212 (52.5) | 252 (53.4) | 229 (60.0) | 931 (55.8) |
 Family size | |||||
   ≤ 3 | 46 (41.0) | 54 (46.5) | 52 (41.2) | 50 (46.3) | 202 (43.6) |
  4–5 | 179 (52.4) | 184 (47.8) | 211 (52.5) | 235 (65.6) | 808 (54.4) |
  6+ | 367 (58.2) | 322 (50.2) | 386 (53.6) | 372 (59) | 1437 (55.2) |
 Desire for pregnancy | |||||
  Desired the pregnancy | 457 (53.3) | 439 (46.9) | 569 (51.8) | 625 (62.0) | 2090 (53.6) |
  Not desired the pregnancy | 124 (59.4) | 121 (58.4) | 80 (53.4) | 32 (36.5) | 357 (54.7) |
 Listening radio | |||||
  No | 442 (55.4) | 371 (51.2) | 311 (52.5) | 492 (61.3) | 1617 (55.4) |
  Yes | 139 (51.7) | 187 (45.1) | 338 (51.5) | 166 (56.1) | 830 (50.8) |
Health service factors | |||||
 Antenatal Visit | |||||
  None | 436 (56.6) | 425 (52.2) | 363 (53.4) | 210 (53.9) | 1434 (54.0) |
  1–3 visits | 106 (51.0) | 96 (46.5) | 195 (53.3) | 232 (62.0) | 628 (54.5) |
  4+ visits | 39 (44.2) | 38 (32.0) | 91 (45.0) | 213 (64.3) | 381 (51.4) |
 Place of birth | |||||
  Health facility | 23 (37.2) | 22 (34.4) | 67 (48.0) | 254 (62.2) | 366 (54.4) |
  Home | 559 (55.6) | 537 (49.9) | 582 (52.5) | 404 (58.6) | 2081 (53.6) |
 Delivery assistance | |||||
  Health professional | 44 (42.3) | 53 (41.0) | 68 (47.1) | 257 (62.1) | 422 (53.3) |
  Traditional birth attendants | 109 (51.5) | 81 (54.8) | 32 (41.0) | 225 (58.7) | 447 (54.5) |
  Other untrained individuals | 390 (57.2) | 411 (50.4) | 542 (53.5) | 67 (49.8) | 1410 (53.3) |
 Timing of postnatal checkup | |||||
  None | 556 (54.6) | 536 (49.5) | 633 (52.4) | 622 (60.4) | 2348 (54.1) |
  Within a week | 21 (54.7) | 14 (31.8) | 3 (66.8) | 21 (60.1) | 58 (48.5) |
  After a week | 5 (49.1) | 10 (57.8) | 13 (36.9) | 14 (44.4) | 42 (44.5) |
Community level factors | |||||
 Place of residence | |||||
  Urban | 47 (45.6) | 33 (42.5) | 67 (43.8) | 78 (60.9) | 225 (48.8) |
  Rural | 535 (55.4) | 527 (49.5) | 582 (53.2) | 579 (69.8) | 2222 (54.3) |
 Region of residence | |||||
  Large central regions | 56 (56.6) | 540 (51.5) | 620 (54.2) | 604 (60.8) | 2330 (55.7) |
  Small peripheral regions | 10 (25.7) | 15 (19.8) | 19 (24.7) | 35 (48.8) | 78 (30.1) |
  Metropolis | 5 (17.9) | 5 (26.1) | 11 (36.9) | 18 (58.1) | 39 (36.3) |