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Table 2 Summary of included studies

From: Early initiation of breastfeeding: a systematic literature review of factors and barriers in South Asia

Serial number

Source

Study setting

Outcomes – reported factors or barriers

Study methods

Quality grading

1

Dibley et al., 2010 [43]

Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka

Delivery by caesarean section

Home delivery

No antenatal check-up

No decision-making participation

Lack of access to media

Quantitative cross sectional survey: secondary analysis of DHS

Moderate

2

Haider et al., 2010 [41]

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Lack of knowledge

No milk secretion

Traditional belief

Mother’s ill-health

Baby’s ill-health

Grandmothers’ decision

Midwife discouraged

Lack of support

Quantitative cross-sectional survey. Qualitative

Weak quantitative and moderate qualitative

3

Parveen et al., 2012 [39]

Haryana, India

Custom

Mother’s illness

No milk secretion

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Weak

4

Kaushal et al., 2005 [44]

Haryana, India

Custom

Quantitative cross-sectional survey. Qualitative

Weak quantitative and qualitative

5

Badruddin et al., 1997 [37]

Karachi, Pakistan

Mother unable to sit

Caesarean section delivery

Night time

High BP of mother

Quantitative: longitudinal design. Qualitative

Weak quantitative and moderate qualitative

6

Dihidar et al., 2002 [33]

Calcutta, India

Living in rural area

Quantitative cross sectional survey

Weak

7

Senarath et al., 2012 [25]

Sri Lanka

Male child

Low birth weight

Home delivery

Caesarean section delivery

Rural

Geography: North Central

Mother’s age15-19 years

Birth order; first birth

No previous birth

Living in Sabaragamuwa

Quantitative cross-sectional survey: secondary analysis of DHS 2006-07

Moderate

8

Mihrshahi et al., 2010 [29]

Bangladesh

No maternal education

No education of husband

Birth order > 5

Home delivery

No antenatal check-ups

Mothers not watching television

Poorest household

No decision-making participation

Geography: lowest in Barisal

Quantitative cross-sectional survey: secondary analysis of DHS 2004

Moderate

9

Pandey et al., 2010 [28]

Nepal

Caesarean section delivery

Delivery assistance from health professionals compared to TBAs

No participation in decision making

Living in mountainous region

Quantitative cross-sectional survey: secondary analysis of DHS 2006

Moderate

10

Seranath et al., 2010 [35]

Sri Lanka

Birth order; first birth

Caesarean section delivery

No antenatal visits by midwife

Geography: Colombo feeder area

Quantitative cross-sectional survey: secondary analysis of DHS 2000

Moderate

11

Hazir et al., 2013 [27]

Pakistan

Working mothers

Caesarean section delivery

Residing in Sindh Province

Quantitative cross-sectional survey: secondary analysis of DHS 2006/07

Moderate

12

Khadduri et al., 2008 [47]

Haripur district, Pakistan

Custom; tradition of prelacteal feeding

Qualitative

Moderate

13

Bandyopdahyay et al., 2009 [48]

Rural Bengal, India

Customs; perception that first milk is harmful to the baby; insufficient milk; that milk will only come after 48 h

Qualitative

Weak quantitative and moderate qualitative

14

Patel et al. 2010 [26]

India

No education

Mothers aged 15–19 years

No education of husband

Home delivery

Caesarean section delivery

No antenatal check-ups

Bivariate analysis

No post natal check-ups

Lowest wealth quintile

No participation in decision making

No media – radio, newspaper, television

Geography: rural area; Central region

Quantitative cross-sectional survey: secondary analysis of National Family Health Survey 2005-06

Moderate

15

Subedi et al. 2012 [31]

Chepang community, Nepal

Illiterate

No antenatal check-ups

Home delivery

Quantitative cross- sectional survey

Weak

16

Subba et al. 2007 [34]

Pokhara, Nepal

Nuclear family

Smaller family size

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Weak

17

Abdulraheem and Binns 2007 [42]

Maldives (several islands)

Caesarean section delivery

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Weak

18

Athavale et al. 2004 [36]

Urban Health Centre, Nagpur, India

Caesarean section delivery

Customs; prelacteal feeding, discarding colostrum

Premature baby

Birth order; first birth

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Weak

19

Ekambaram et al. 2010 [38]

Tertiary care hospital, South India

Child was sick (34 %)

Delay in shifting from labour room (25 %)

Mother’s motivation/too tired: no consciousness (14 %)

Baby was sleeping (5 %)

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Weak

20

Moran et al. 2009 [49]

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Perceptions of no milk supply

Quantitative cross-sectional survey. Qualitative

Weak quantitative and moderate qualitative

21

Fikree et al. 2005 [46]

Karachi, Pakistan

Customs; traditional feeding practices and perceived health benefits

Quantitative cross-sectional survey. Qualitative

Moderate quantitative and moderate qualitative

22

Rahman et al. 2011 [30]

Bangladesh

No antenatal check-ups

Poorest wealth quintile

Delivery assistance by non-medically trained provider

No Education

Quantitative cross-sectional survey: analysis of Demographic and Health Survey 2007

Moderate

23

Ali et al. 2011 [32]

Semi-urban Pakistan

Lack of education

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Weak

24

Digra et al. 2012 [45]

Jammu, India

Self-decision (22.2 %)

Advice of priest (35 %)

Advice of elderly lady in family (20.4 %)

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Weak

25

Premani et al. 2011 [40]

Karachi, Pakistan

Mothers too tired after delivery

Qualitative

Weak