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Table 1 Rate (%) of initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of childbirth by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, Nepal 2011 (N = 4079)

From: Factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among Nepalese mothers: further analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2011

Factor

# Total N [%]

Early initiation € n (%)

P-value

Maternal factors

   

Mother’s age at pregnancy (n = 2518)

  

0.006

15-19

245 (9.7)

211 (60.8)

 

20-29

1791 (71.1)

1888 (68.5)

 

30-34

282 (11.2)

454 (66.8)

 

> = 35

200 (7.9)

308 (58.7)

 

Maternal education

  

0.001

No education

1765 (43.3)

1130 (57.9)

 

Primary

817 (20.0)

600 (70.0)

 

Secondary

1225 (30.0)

927 (74.6)

 

Higher

272 (6.7)

204 (73.6)

 

Mother’s occupation

  

0.001

Not working

965 (23.7)

618 (59.1)

 

Agriculture

2502 (61.3)

1775 (68.0)

 

Working (paid)

612 (15.0)

468 (74.2)

 

ANC visit (Times)

  

0.001

No ANC visit

611 (15.0)

382 (59.4)

 

1-3

1317 (32.3)

885 (61.8)

 

4 or more

2151 (52.7)

1594 (71.7)

 

Place of delivery

  

0.002

Home

2464 (60.4)

1670 (63.9)

 

Health facility

1615 (39.6)

1191 (70.5)

 

Sociodemographic factors

   

Ethnicity

  

0.048

Relatively advantaged

1955 (47.9)

1359 (66.3)

 

Relatively disadvantaged (Janjati)

1410 (34.6)

1022 (69.8)

 

Relatively disadvantaged (Dalit)

714 (17.5)

480 (58.8)

 

Religion

  

0.188

Hindu

3480 (85.3)

2464 (67.3)

 

Others

599 (14.7)

397 (61.9)

 

Wealth quintile

  

0.073

Poor (Lower 40%)

1992 (48.8)

1375 (65.3)

 

Middle (Middle 40%)

1416 (34.7)

513 (62.3)

 

Rich (Upper 20%)

671 (16.5)

973 (70.4)

 

Child related factors

   

Sex of child

  

0.098

Male

2192 (53.7)

1563 (68.0)

 

Female

1887 (46.3)

1298 (64.9)

 

Birth order

  

<0.001

First

1248 (30.6)

854 (64.0)

 

Second or third

1847 (45.3)

1367 (70.5)

 

Fourth or more

984 (4.1)

640 (61.5)

 

Size of baby (n = 3945)

  

0.035

Average

784 (19.2)

1808 (65.4)

 

Small

2576 (63.2)

477 (64.2)

 

Large

715 (17.5)

574 (71.7)

 

Contextual factors

   

Place of residence

  

0.816

Urban

897 (22.0)

638 (67.0)

 

Rural

3182 (78.0)

2223 (66.3)

 

Development region

  

<0.001

Eastern

958 (23.5)

679 (69.7)

 

Central

854 (20.9)

504 (54.4)

 

Western

643 (15.8)

456 (70.5)

 

Mid -Western

896 (22.0)

642 (71.4)

 

Far-Western

728 (17.8)

580 (79.9)

 

Ecological region

  

0.017

Mountain

742 (18.2)

529 (70.5)

 

Hill

1656 (40.6)

1185 (70.4)

 

Terai/Plain

1681 (41.2)

1147 ( 62.7)

 
  1. € The percentages presented for the early initiation of breastfeeding are the weighted and cluster sampling adjusted percentage which differs from the crude percentage. The number of missing values may vary for each variable. # the number and percent reported are unweighted for the independent variables and their sub class to facilitate the reading as weighted count (frequency) will be in decimal points generated by the software.